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关于磁悬浮
gzh007
2010/08/31
高电压技术
IP:山东
最近喜欢上了磁悬浮翻了几面墙，得到一些资料，特来分享~

How Levitation Works如何磁悬浮工程
If you hold two permanent magnets close together, you see that one of them will jump strongly toward (or away) from the other.如果你持有两个永久磁铁的密切合作，您会看到其中的一个强烈的意愿跳对（或离开）从其他。 In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw expressed the perversity of inanimate magnetic objects in his theorem. 1842年， 塞缪尔恩肖表示定理反常的无生命的物体在他的磁性。 It explains this frustrating behavior will always prevent you from suspending one permanent magnet above or below another, no matter how one arranges the two magnets.它说明了这个令人沮丧的行为将永远阻止你从另一个暂停一个永久磁铁的上方或下方，无论你如何安排这两个磁铁。 However, an active control circuit can get around this problem by rapidly adjusting the magnet's strength.然而，主动控制电路可以解决这个问题迅速调整磁铁的力量。

The general principle is straight forward: An electromagnet pulls a ball upward while a light beam measures the exact position of the ball's top edge.总的原则是直截了当：电磁铁拉球向上而光束措施顶部边缘的确切位置球的。 The magnet's lifting force is adjusted according to position.该磁铁的升力是根据调整后的位置。

As less light is detected, the circuit reduces the electromagnet's current.由于少光检测电路降低了电磁铁的电流。 With less current, the lifting effect is weaker and the ball can move downward until the light beam is less blocked. Voila!少了电流，抬升作用较弱的球可以向下移动瞧，直到光束少阻塞。！ The ball stays centered on the detector!球停留集中在探测器！ It is a small distance across the photodetector, perhaps a millimeter or two, but this is sufficient to measure small changes in position.这是一个小的探测器在距离，也许是两毫米，但是这足以测量位置的微小变化。 Of course, if the ball is removed the coil runs at full power.当然，如果球被删除的线圈在满功率运行。 And conversely, if the light beam is blocked the coil is turned completely off.反之，如果光束被阻止线圈处于关闭完全关闭。

This device uses two photodetectors : the " signal " detector looks for an interruption in the light beam, and the " reference " detector measures the background light.这个装置使用两个探测器 ：在“ 信号 ”探测器寻找一个光束中断的光，“ 参考 ”探测器措施的背景光。 The circuit subtracts one signal from the other to determine the ball's position.该电路减去从另一个信号，以确定球的位置。 The use of two detectors is my small contribution to advance the art of levitation.该探测器使用两种是我小的贡献，推动磁悬浮艺术。 This design automatically compensates for changes in ambient light, and eliminates a manually adjusted potentiometer.这种设计自动补偿环境光线的变化，并消除了手动调整电位器。

Barry's Maglev Demonstrator巴里的磁悬浮演示
Here's why I built one:这也是为什么我建立一：

A nice entry for a science fair .进入一个美妙的科学公平的 。
There are other fun levitation systems还有其他有趣的磁悬浮系统
There are some great wacko sales pitches for it!有一些伟大的怪人推销它！
How does it work?它是如何工作的？

Schematic diagram 示意图
Parts list 零件清单
Buying the Parts 买零件
Close-up photographs 特写照片
So how was it all designed?所以这一切是如何设计的？

Circuit design for Infrared Emitter circuit电路设计的红外线发射器电路
Circuit design for Photodetector circuit电路设计的光电探测器电路
Circuit design for Reference voltage circuit电路设计的参考电压电路
Circuit design for Difference amplifier circuit电路设计的差分放大器电路
Concepts of Feedback loop control systems概念反馈闭环控制系统
Concepts of Feedback loop equations概念反馈回路方程
Concepts of Bode plots to represent transfer functions的概念波特图表示的传递函数
Concepts of Phase lead network circuit概念阶段主要网络电路
Circuit design for Output amplifier circuit电路设计输出放大器电路
Circuit design for Coil driver circuit电路设计的线圈驱动电路
Circuit design for PWM coil driver circuit电路设计的PWM线圈驱动电路
Coil design of the Lifting coil线圈设计的起重线圈
Levitator Simulation using PSPICE Levitator 用PSPICE仿真
How do you get it working?你怎么得到它的工作？

How long does it take to build? 它需要多长时间来建立？
Constructing the wooden base构建木基地
Connecting the power supplies连接电源
Using a printed circuit board使用印刷电路板
Setup and Adjustment overview 设置和调整概述
Testing the power supplies测试电源
Testing the infrared LED emitter测试红外线LED发射器
Testing the signal detector测试信号探测器
Testing the reference detector测试参考探测器
Adjusting the sensing resistor for the reference detector调整感应电阻器的参考探测器
Testing the difference amplifier测试差分放大器
Testing the non-inverting amplifier测试非反相放大器
Testing the output transistor测试输出晶体管
Adjust, connect and test the lifting coil调整，连接和测试的解除线圈
Results and Further Work 结果和进一步工作
Other Fun Levitation Systems其他有趣的磁悬浮系统
There are many ways to levitate objects magnetically.有许多方法来悬浮物体磁性。 Here are some fun methods that I've used.下面是一些有趣的，我已经使用的方法。

The simplest!最简单的！  Guy Marsden's Levitation Kit is built on a single fan controller chip!人马斯登的磁悬浮套件是建立在一个单一的风机控制器芯片！  
The best!最好的！  The Visual Levitation kit ( read my review ) 在 Visual 磁悬浮套件（ 看过我的审查 ）  
Do it yourself!做自己！  The Levitation Engine kit is an inexpensive start该磁悬浮引擎工具包是一种廉价的开始  
Completely free!完全免费！  Float your own Magnet over a hard drive (free!)浮法自己的磁铁超过一个硬盘驱动器免费！（）  
Fun toy!有趣的玩具！  The Levitron antigravity spinning top该Levitron反引力陀螺  
Cheap and cheesy廉价和俗气  Go to Edmund Scientific and search for "levitator"前往埃德蒙科学和levitator搜索“”  
Executive toys行政玩具  SirTimeBenda has levitating globes and executive toys for sale SirTimeBenda磁悬浮地球仪已出售的玩具和执行
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电气工程/高电压技术
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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254189
1楼
几个实例


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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254190
2楼
硬盘磁悬浮驱动器制作


作者原文XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX


施工
The concept is that a permanent magnet is repelled by a rapidly spinning disc of conductive metal. The procedure is to open an old hard drive cover, exposing the platters inside but leaving the controller card connected.这个概念是一个永久磁铁是金属导电盘击退一个快速旋转。程序是打开一个旧的硬盘驱动器盖，露出里面的盘片，但留下的控制卡连接。

Take a scrap 5.25-inch hard disk, but one which still spins when you power it up (This may work with 3.5-inch drives, but the magnet tends to be attracted towards the motor shaft, so 5.25-inch drives allow the magnet to be further away).以一废弃5.25英寸硬盘，但仍然一旋转起来时，你的权力（这可能与3.5英寸硬盘，但往往被磁铁吸引对电机轴，所以5.25英寸的硬盘让磁铁进一步距离）。

Plug it into a PC power supply -- no computer or anything else!插入一个PC电源它 - 没有电脑或其它的东西， Just the power supply and the hard drive.只要电源和硬盘驱动器。 The drive will spin, at least for a few minutes.该驱动器将旋转，至少几分钟。

You may find that it spins down after a few seconds as it can't read any data from the disk (well you'd have trouble reading too if someone had ripped your head off!).您可能会发现它旋转下来后，从磁盘几秒钟，因为它不能读取任何数据（以及你有阅读困难太多，如果有人把你的头了！）。

Optional, but something to improve flying height: Remove the platters and spacers from the motor shaft, and re-assemble them so that all the platters are at the top of the shaft, with all the spacers at the bottom, giving a nice thick stack of aluminium.可选的，而是要提高飞行高度：删除盘片，从电机轴间隔，并重新组装它们，以便所有的盘片是在轴的顶部，所有在底部间隔，使一个好的厚厚一叠铝。

Tape a neodyminum magnet to the end of a strip of plastic or paper.磁带neodyminum磁铁一个塑料或纸一端。 The reson for using a strip, rather than, say, a string, is that the magnet tends to pull towards the centre and also tumble over - the strip constrains the magnet's movement to upwards only.这，振振有辞使用1条，而不是，比如说，一个字符串是磁铁往往拉向中心，也是摔下去-加沙地带限制了磁铁的运动，只有向上。 Fix the strip to one of the side holes of the drive chassis, so the magnet rests on the disc surface, near the outer edge, as shown below.固定驱动器底盘地带的一洞的一侧，所以磁铁在于光盘表面，靠近外缘，如下所示。

Operation手术
When the drive is powered up, the magnet levitates to about half an inch above the disc surface. Pressing the magnet down slows the disc rotation substantially.当驱动器通电后，磁体levitates约半英寸以上的光盘表面。压下来的磁铁旋转盘大幅减慢。 It might even cause your controller to detect a speed fault and stop the drive.它甚至可能会导致您的控制器故障检测的速度和停止驱动器。

The principle is that the magnet induces eddy currents in the platter.该原则是，在盘片磁诱导涡流。 Most driver platters are polished aluminum.多数司机是抛光铝盘。 Some new drives use ceramic platter, and they don't repel magnets much at all, since they are not conductive.一些新的驱动器使用的陶瓷盘，和他们不排斥在所有磁铁多，因为他们不导电。 The eddy currents carry their own magnetic field, which is in opposition to the permanent magnet.在履行自己的涡流磁场，而磁场是在反对永久性的。 These two fields repel each other, hence the levitation effect.这两个领域的相互排斥，因此悬浮效果。

It is really fun to see - you've got to build one!这真是有趣的发现 - 你要建立一个！
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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254191
3楼
磁悬浮原理图



注：1组件以访问其电路的描述。
'TP' indicates a test point, a convenient spot to connect your voltmeter. '总磷'表示一个测试点，1点，以方便连接您的电压表。
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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254192
4楼
磁悬浮零件名单

电阻
Resistors listed in order by value are 1/4-watt, 5% unless otherwise indicated.在顺序列出按值电阻器1/4-watt，5％，除非另有说明。

300 ohms 300欧姆  R11 R11的  
500 ohms 500欧姆  R2 R2的  
1,000 ohms 1000欧姆  R1, R12, R13, R14 R1的，R12的，规管13，R14的  
1,500 ohms 1500欧姆  R10奥迪R10  
10,000 ohms万欧姆  R4 R4的  
11,000 ohms 11,000欧姆  R6 R6的  
22,000 ohms 22,000欧姆  R8奥迪R8  
56,000 ohms 56,000欧姆  R3 R3的  
100,000 ohms 10万欧姆  R5 R5的  
150,000 ohms 15万欧姆  R7 R7的  
370,000 ohms 37万欧姆  R9 R9的  
50K linear taper 50K的线性锥度  VR1 (and VR2 opt.) VR1的（和VR2选择。）  

Capacitors电容器
C1,C2 C1，C2的  47 uF electrolytic 47吓F电解  
C3补体C3  0.1 uF ceramic or tantalum (must not be electrolytic) 0.1吓F的陶瓷或钽（不得电解）  

Semiconductors半导体
Q1,Q2第一季度，第二季度  OP505A infrared photo detector, or equivalent OP505A红外线光检测器，或同等学历  
Q3第三季度  2N3055 NPN power transistor 2N3055 NPN功率晶体管  
LED1,2,4红灯，2,4  Red light-emitting diode红色发光二极管  
LED 3发光二极管3  Infrared LED emitter红外线LED发射器  
IC1-4 IC1的4  LM741 op amp, Radio Shack 276-007 LM741的运算放大器，Radio Shack的276-007  
D1 D1的  1N4001 (or 1N4004) silicon diode, 50v (or more) peak inverse voltage 1N4001（或1N4004）硅二极管的50V（或更多）峰值反向电压  

Miscellaneous杂项
+/- 15 vdc power supply, 1 amp + / - 15伏直流电源，1安培
9 vdc power supply, 1 amp 9伏直流电源，1安培
Breadboard wiring pad (or printed circuit board by Amadeus)面包板接线板（或印制电路板由Amadeus）
18-ga stranded wire for power 18 - ga的滞留电源线
Solid hook-up wire固体钩了丝
24-ga (or thicker) magnet wire for lifting coil 24嘎（或厚）磁铁起重卷丝
6-terminal barrier strip (2 ea.) 6端子屏障地带（2 EA中来。）
Wood for base and frame木材为基础和框架

Alternatives for the LM741 Op-Amp为替代LM741的运算放大器
I chose the LM741 op-amp out of nostalgia and convenience.我选择了LM741的运算放大器出怀旧和方便。 It was an extremely successful and common op-amp about twenty years ago.这是一个非常成功的和共同的运算放大器前约20年。

There are lots of modern choices for dual- and quad-package op-amps.有很多双核与四包运算放大器现代许多选择。 By using a package with multiple op-amps, you can reduce the number of parts and lower the cost.通过使用放大器一包有多个运算，可以减少零件数目和降低成本。 For example, you could use a single quad-package op-amp instead of four separate 741s.例如，你可以使用一个单一的四包运分离741s放大器而不是四个。 This would allow a very small printed circuit board to contain all the electronics!这将允许一个非常小的印刷电路板包含所有电子！

Different packages also provide improved parameters such as noise immunity, speed, power, etc. Here are several good choices recommended by David at XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX . All these are better in every parameter than the trustworthy but ancient LM741.还提供不同的包，电源改进参数，如抗噪声，速度等以下是大卫在选择好几个建议XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 。凡此种种，都是在比好每一个值得信赖的参数，但古老的LM741的。

These parts are commonly available on-line suppliers such as Digikey or Future-Active .这些零件通常可以在线供应商，如Digikey或未来的主动 。

National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体  Maxim Integrated Circuits 马克西姆集成电路  Analog Devices ADI公司  
Duals对偶  LF353, LF412 LF353，LF412  MAX412 MAX412  OP270, OP271, OP249 OP270，OP271，OP249  
Quads圣城  LF347 LF347  MAX414 MAX414  OP470, OP471 OP470，OP471  
Instrumentation amp仪表放大器    AD620, AMP02 AD620，AMP02
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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254197
5楼
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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254199
6楼
321.jpg
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orichalcum
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254243
7楼
哪有这么翻译的
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shiaki
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254291
8楼
这个翻译得实在太那啥了,我觉得还是把原文或者链接贴上来吧

大致看了一下,原理是这样的:用光来测量被悬浮物体到磁铁之间的距离,然后依据当前的距离调整电磁铁上的电流,使得悬浮的高度保持恒定.其实就是一个典型的负反馈

对了,那个差分放大一步是怎么使得高度等于预设高度的?他两个光敏三极管是怎么安装的?
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gzh007作者
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254306
9楼
]
SEMICONDUCTORS
IC1 LM7812 l2-volt regulator, integrated circuit
IC2 LM324 quad op-amp, integrated circuit
Q1 IRF510 MOSFET transistor
Q2 NPN phototransistor (Radio Shack 276-145 or equivalent)
LED1 Infrared light-emitting diode (Radio Shack 276-142 or equivalent)
BR1 Full-wave bridge rectifier, 4-ampere, 50-PIV
Dl GI750 silicon rectifier diode (can be substituted by any 4-ampere, 50-volt unit)
  
RESISTORS
(All fixed resistors are ¼-watt, 5% units, except where otherwise noted)
Rl, R3, R5 10,000-ohm
R2 10,000-ohm potentiometer
R4 270-ohm
R6 50,000-ohm potentiometer
R7 0.47-ohm, 5-watt, 10%
R8 1OOO-ohm
CAPACITORS
C1 10-µF 50-WVDC, electrolytic
C2 1µF, 5O-WVDC, electrolytic
C3 5900-µF 30-WVDC, electrolytic
C4 3.3µF, 5O-WVDC, electrolytic
ADDITIONAL PARTS AND MATERIALS
L1 Magnet coil (see text)
T1 117-VAC to 25-VAC, 2-ampere power transformer
M1 DC voltmeter, 0- to 15-volt range
F1 Thermal-protector fuse (Radio Shack 270-1322 or equivalent)
F2 1-ampere fuse
PL1 6-connector power plug
PL2 2-termina1 AC plug
SO1 6-connector power socket
S1 SPST switch
Perforated board
Project enclosure
Metal globe
SIP socket
2 orange juice can lids
Heat sink measuring 3 X 4 X 1½ inches (JDR Microdevices HS192OOOB or equivalent)
½-inch-diameter PVC tubing
1-inch-diameter PVC coupling
2-inch-long l0-24 bolts
Magnet-core nail (12-inches long by 3/4-inch diameter)
Metal epoxy
Magnet pin (3/4-inch length of coathanger wire)
Washer
520 feet of 22-gauge magnet wire
Power cord, wire, solder, hardware, etc.
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cjboy2008
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254520
10楼
看翻译出来的网页，发现一个“三磷酸腺苷的微驱动”、、
我还以为是用ATP作燃料的某动力系统。。
原来是3 AMP MICROSTEPPING DRIVER、、、
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nhlijiaming
16年4个月前IP:未同步
254784
11楼
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笔记
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我也是有底线的